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Alaska Travel Guide: Glaciers, Denali, Northern Lights and When to Go

On the summer solstice in Fairbanks, a baseball game is played under a sky that never gets dark, and the crowd only notices the hour when the game ends. In Anchorage, a moose may stroll past a bike path while the mountains stand over the rooftops. Alaska is a land of rainforest coast, glaciers and wide interior, and it looks completely different depending on the month you arrive.

The mountains and valleys of Alaska
The mountains and valleys of Alaska · Illustration

Where is Alaska and what is it like?

Alaska is the largest state in the country, with 586,000 square miles of coast, islands, mountain ranges and tundra, and very few people to fill them. Much of it has no roads at all.

The capital, Juneau, is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system, and in the Southeast only Haines, Hyder and Skagway have a direct road link to it. The other panhandle communities rely on the Alaska Marine Highway ferries.

The state is really several landscapes. Southeast Alaska lies inside the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the country, a temperate rainforest of spruce, hemlock and fjords. It is a wet place: Juneau averages over 50 inches of precipitation a year, and some parts of the Southeast receive as much as 275 inches. Around Valdez, snow can pile up to 300 inches in a winter.

Farther inland the Alaska Range rises, and with it Denali, the highest mountain in North America at 20,310 feet. The range divides Denali National Park into two climates, a milder and wetter maritime one on the south side and a drier interior one on the other. Utqiaġvik, the northernmost city in the country, sits at the top of the state, where the seasons run to extremes of light and dark.

People have lived here for a very long time. Alaska Natives include the Iñupiat, Aleut, Yupik, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian and several Northern Athabaskan peoples, and Anchorage stands on the traditional homelands of the Dena’ina Athabascan people. Around Denali, people have made their homes for perhaps 12,000 years.

Russian Orthodox congregations, many of them mostly Alaska Native, are a reminder of the Russian era that ended when the United States bought Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867, a deal mocked at the time as Seward’s Folly. Statehood came in 1959, making Alaska the 49th state.

The place suits travelers who like big scenery, wildlife and weather that makes the day’s plan. It is a state where you think in regions rather than in a single trip, and its size is a good reason to think about your budget before you go.

Where to go in Alaska

Anchorage

Anchorage is an urban enclave surrounded by wilderness, with modern comforts on one side and mountains on the other. The municipality covers 1,961 square miles, so the city’s edge is quickly the wild. It holds the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, the main airport hub of the region, which makes it the natural first stop for many trips.

Hiking, glacier viewing and wildlife watching start close to town. People plan at least three days here, and the city suits those who want hotels, restaurants and tours within reach of the wilderness.

Denali National Park

Denali National Park and Preserve holds 6 million acres of wild land and one road, the Denali Park Road, which is closed to all traffic at Mile 43 because of the Pretty Rocks landslide. The park is home to 39 species of mammals and 169 species of birds, and it was the first national park created to protect wildlife. Seeing the mountain itself is never guaranteed, since clouds often hide it.

From Anchorage the drive takes about five and a half hours, from Fairbanks about two and a half. Near the entrance, the Denali Visitor Center, the Morino Grill (the only sit-down restaurant inside the park) and the free summer shuttles make a base for a day or two. It suits travelers who like long days in big country, and the park is open year-round.

Fairbanks

Fairbanks is the gateway to Alaska’s Interior and Arctic regions, and a base for adventure all year, from the Chena River in summer to the aurora in winter. In the middle of summer the sun shines nearly around the clock, and the downtown fills for the Midnight Sun Festival. In December the Winter Solstice Celebration adds fireworks you cannot see in summer, because the sky is too bright.

Local businesses help visitors reach remote areas, guide them through town, plan adventures or supply equipment. Lodging runs from bed and breakfasts among the birch trees to cabins, hostels and lodges, and some lodges lie inside Denali National Park. It suits people who want to chase either extreme of daylight.

Seward

Seward sits between the Kenai Mountains and the waters of Kenai Fjords National Park, with Mt. Marathon rising steeply behind the town. It is a place shaped by glaciers, and the harbor, a certified Alaska Clean Harbor, is where boat days begin. The Alaska SeaLife Center is the state’s only public aquarium and a good rainy-day stop.

The drive from Anchorage takes about two and a half hours, and the Alaska Railroad’s Coastal Classic also runs between the two. Seward suits travelers who want a glacier-and-ocean outing from a small town without going far from the big city.

Homer

Homer sits at the end of the road on Kachemak Bay, at the terminus of the Sterling Highway. It calls itself the Halibut Fishing Capital of the World and the City of Peonies, and it is the gateway to bear viewing, the closest town to Katmai National Park and Preserve and Lake Clark National Preserve. Brown bears gather on coastal sedge flats and streams there from June through September.

Across the bay, Kachemak Bay State Park covers over 400,000 acres and has more than 80 miles of trails, among them the hike to Grewingk Glacier and its lake. Homer is roughly a 4.5 hour drive from Anchorage, and it suits anglers, hikers and anyone who likes a town with the water at its door.

Juneau and Ketchikan

Juneau lies on Gastineau Channel in the Inside Passage, inside the Tongass National Forest. It was named after the gold prospector Joe Juneau and became the capital in 1906. Mendenhall Glacier is 13 miles from downtown and close to the airport, and visitors can drive directly to it.

Seattle is Juneau’s only nonstop departure city in the Lower 48, and Anchorage is a 90-minute flight away. Ketchikan, an island community surrounded by rainforest and sea, began as a seasonal Tlingit fish camp and grew into the Canned Salmon Capital of the World. Cruise ships dock downtown or at Ward Cove, and the town’s Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian cultures are part of its streets.

Things to do in Alaska

Glaciers come first for visitors. Mendenhall Glacier near Juneau can be reached by car, Seward is the base for the Kenai Fjords, and Homer’s Grewingk Glacier is a hike across the bay. From Homer there are also helicopter glacier landings for those who want a different view.

Wildlife, birds and fish

Anchorage offers wildlife viewing as close as moose in the city, plus flights to see bears fishing and day cruises for whales, puffins and otters. Salmon fill nearby rivers and streams all summer, and millions of birds pass through on their annual migrations. Around Juneau you are likely to see bears, bald eagles or humpback whales, especially from April through November.

Bear viewing from Homer runs June through September. Sightings are chances rather than promises, but the setting, a coast of sedge and tidal streams, is worth the trip by itself. In Denali the animals include many of the park’s 39 mammal species, and a free sled dog demonstration lets you meet the park’s Alaskan huskies in a half-hour program with rangers.

Northern lights and winter

Viewing is possible even after sundown, in town or farther out. Winter in Anchorage also means skiing, skating, snow biking and flightseeing over the Chugach Mountains and the Alaska Range.

Dog sledding in Anchorage typically runs October through March, and summer dog sledding is available as well. A ski resort is a short drive from downtown Anchorage, and Homer’s cross-country trails at Baycrest, Lookout Mountain and McNeil/Eveline are maintained by the Kachemak Nordic Ski Club.

Festivals and culture

Anchorage Fur Rendezvous, known as Fur Rondy, is Alaska’s largest and oldest winter festival, which began in 1936 as a three-day sporting event. The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race traditionally starts in Anchorage on the first Saturday of March. In Fairbanks, the Midnight Sun Festival falls on the Saturday closest to June 21, and the Midnight Sun Baseball Game is a tradition under the solstice sun.

The World Eskimo-Indian Olympics in Fairbanks gather Indigenous athletes for games such as the high kick, the blanket toss and the four-man carry. In Juneau, the Áak’w Kwáan and T’aakú Kwáan, Tlingit peoples, share cultures formed by their closeness to the natural world, and the Haida and Tsimshian do the same.

Parks and trails

At Denali there are two ways to hike, on a marked trail or off-trail in nearly any direction, and most marked trails sit near the entrance. Discovery Hikes begin in mid-June and run one a day through late summer. Backcountry permits are free and required for overnight trips. Outside the park, the Denali Highway passes through the Alaska Range and gives a close look at some of the lower peaks.

When to visit Alaska

The best time for most trips is summer, from May 10 to September 15, when temperatures run through the 60s to the low 70s and daylight lasts 16 to 24 hours. The very height of the season, warm and dry, is June 15 to July 15. That is also when the Denali bus tours and the other summer services are in full swing, and when visitors arrive in the greatest numbers.

Month Average high (°F) Average low (°F) Precipitation (in) Days with precipitation Snowfall (in)
January 22.7 11.0 0.75 2.7 12.4
April 45.1 29.9 0.43 1.4 4.0
July 66.2 52.9 1.82 5.1 0.0
October 42.0 30.7 1.82 5.2 5.6

Spring and fall are the quieter edges. In Anchorage, April is cold but dry, with the last snow melting, while October is gray and chilly with the first snow falling.

At Denali, spring runs from early or mid-April until May 19, and fall lasts from mid-September until snow accumulates, typically between late September and late October. Bus service generally runs only in summer, so the shoulder months are for people who prefer to see the park by foot or from the park road when it is open.

Fairbanks has its own calendar. The Midnight Sun Season runs from April 22 to August 20, and the stretch of true 24-hour daylight lasts from May 17 to July 27. Once the nights return, the aurora season opens. Juneau summer highs generally reach the low-to-mid 60s, and winter temperatures average 29 degrees. Southeast Alaska is rainy in every season, so rain gear matters more than the month.

Winter is a real season to visit, not just a quiet one. Denali’s winter lasts from late September until early May, with the Murie Science and Learning Center as the winter visitor center. Dog sledding, skiing and the aurora fill the cold months, and Fur Rondy and the Iditarod start in February and March.

Getting around Alaska

Distances in Alaska are measured in flights, not just miles. More than 240 flights arrive daily at the Anchorage airport, and Fairbanks has air service to and around the area. Juneau is reached by air or sea. Flightseeing tours depart from Anchorage year-round, and Alaska has about six times as many pilots per capita as the rest of the United States, which says something about how people move here.

Roads and driving

Travelers from the contiguous states can drive to Alaska on the Alaska Highway through Canada, which is paved and maintained year-round. Within the state, the George Parks Highway crosses the Alaska Range through Windy Pass between Anchorage and Fairbanks, the Richardson Highway crosses at Isabel Pass between Valdez and Fairbanks, and the Tok Cut-Off crosses at Mentasta Pass between Gulkana Junction and Tok.

Many rental car companies prohibit their vehicles on the Dalton, Denali, Steese and Cassiar Highways and the Nabesna and McCarthy Roads, and insurance may not cover damage there. Denali has a single road, the Denali Park Road, and it may close at Mountain Vista (Mile 13) or at Park Headquarters (Mile 3) at any time because of winter weather.

Trains and ferries

The Alaska Railroad connects Anchorage with Fairbanks on the Denali Star and with Seward on the Coastal Classic, and both routes have GoldStar Service. The train from Anchorage takes 8 hours to reach Denali National Park. In winter months, the Hurricane Turn Train makes the round trip to Hurricane starting from Anchorage.

The Alaska Marine Highway covers 3,500 miles of coastline and serves over 30 communities, from Bellingham, Washington, to Dutch Harbor in the Aleutian Chain. For the Southeast towns without road links, it is the way in. Passengers without vehicles check in two hours before departure in Bellingham and Juneau, and one hour before at all the other ports.

Inside Denali

Inside the park, bus service runs only in summer, generally from May 20 through mid-September. Three free shuttles serve the entrance area in summer: the Savage River Shuttle, the Riley Creek Loop Shuttle and the Sled Dog Demonstration Shuttle, all wheelchair accessible. Cell phone coverage exists only close to the park entrance, and emergencies are handled by dialing 9-1-1.

Good to know before you go

Alaska observes all federal holidays except Columbus Day, and adds Seward’s Day on the last Monday in March and Alaska Day on October 18. Denali charges an entrance fee year-round for visitors 16 and older, and no refunds are given because of bad weather.

Fee Amount Who pays
Denali Standard Pass (valid 7 days) $15.00 Visitors ages 16 and up
Denali Annual Pass (covers up to four adults) $45.00 Visitors ages 16 and up
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Where to go, and when — with the homework done. Warm guides built on thirty-year climate data, official crowd numbers and honest verdicts.